Simulation based neuro-fuzzy hybrid intelligent PI control approach in four-area load frequency control of interconnected power system

This paper presents a novel control approach of hybrid neuro-fuzzy (HNF) for load frequency control (LFC) of four-area power system. The advantage of this controller is that it can handle the non-linearities, and at the same time it is faster than other existing controllers. The effectiveness of proposed controller in increasing the damping of local and inter area modes of oscillation is demonstrated in four area interconnected power system. Area-1 and area-2 consist of thermal reheat power plant whereas area-3 and area-4 consist of hydro power plant. Performance evaluation is carried out by using fuzzy, ANN, ANFIS and conventional PI and PID control approaches. The performances of the controllers are simulated using MATLAB/Simulink package. The result shows that intelligent HNF controller is having improved dynamic response and at the same time faster than ANN, fuzzy and conventional PI and PID controllers.     

Densification,microstructure, elastic and mechanical properties of reactive hot-pressed ZrB2–ZrC–Zr cermets

In this study, cermets composed of zirconium diboride and zirconium carbide with intergranular zirconium were sintered by reactive hot-pressing. Relative density exceeding 97% was obtained for the sintered cermets having four distinct compositions varying in concentration of excess Zr. Their densification behaviour was examined by monitoring displacement during sintering. The microstructure was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, and the elastic and mechanical properties were evaluated at room temperature. The effects of Zr concentration on the densification and mechanical properties were assessed. The ZrB₂ and ZrC micron-grains coarsened with increasing amount of Zr starting material. In addition, the cermets exhibited high flexural strength (546–890 MPa) and fracture toughness (6.63–10.24 MPa m^1/2), which simultaneously increased with increasing Zr concentration. However, the elastic moduli and hardness (11–18 GPa) decreased with increasing Zr. The shear modulus and Young's modulus were in the range of 150–190 GPa and 360–440 GPa, respectively.     

放电等离子烧结致密单相钛三铝碳二的反应机理

以3Ti/1.1Al/1.9C混合粉末为原料,采用放电等离子烧结(SPS)技术,利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜等分析方法,研究了致密单相Ti3AlC2三元层状化合物的合成机理,详细探讨了烧结温度对产物合成的影响,提出了一种SPS制备致密单相Ti3AlC2的反应机理。结果表明:利用SPS技术,在1 350℃保温10min的条件下,可以获得致密度大于99%的层状致密单相Ti3AlC2材料。最终产物中TiC的残留与原料中C含量有密切关系,适当降低原料中C含量有利于最终产物中TiC的消除。致密单相三元层状化合物Ti3AlC2的合成过程中,AlTi3和TiAl是形成TiC和Ti2AlC的主要中间相,而Ti3AlC2是由TiC与Ti2AlC反应生成的。     

柠檬酸凝胶法制备Er,Tm∶Yb3Al5O12纳米粉体及发光性能

以柠檬酸为燃烧剂,采用柠檬酸凝胶法制备了Er,Tm∶Yb3Al5O12(Er,Tm:YbAG)纳米粉体,其最佳的制备工艺条件:Er3+和Tm3+掺杂的摩尔分数分别为2%和1%,柠檬酸与金属硝酸盐原子总数的摩尔比为1.7∶1,煅烧温度和时间分别为950℃和2h。制备的粉体颗粒为规则球形,粒径均匀、分散性好,平均粒径约为45nm。研究了样品的发光性能,结果表明:2%Er,1%Tm∶YbAG样品的发光性能最好,在1 587、1 658和1 711nm处有较强发射峰,分别对应Er3+的4 I13/2→4 I15/2跃迁和Tm3+的3 F4→3 H6跃迁。样品的上转换光谱表明,上转换荧光峰包括了蓝光、绿光和红光。     

沥青对水泥沥青砂浆力学性能的影响

采用微机控制电子万能试验机对水泥沥青砂浆(CA砂浆)进行了应力--应变压缩试验,分析了试验过程中CA砂浆的弹性能和耗散能随沥青含量的变化规律。结果表明:随着沥青含量的增加,CA砂浆的强度逐渐降低,脆性逐渐减弱,象征强度弱化区域的有机物--无机物界面的增多是强度降低的主要原因,沥青含量的增加使CA砂浆内释放的弹性能只有小部分用于缺陷的扩展,加之沥青网络结构的横向约束作用导致脆性逐渐减弱。外力功随应变的增加逐渐增大,随沥青含量的增加逐渐减小;弹性能开始向耗散能转化发生在屈服变形阶段,峰值应力后,弹性能向耗散能的转化速率加快,能量迅速释放。能量释放系数随应变的增加逐渐增大,能量释放加快;能量释放系数随沥青含量的增加逐渐增大,表明CA砂浆的阻尼性能提高,减振作用增强。     

Mathematical Modeling the Drying of Poplar Wood Particles in a Closed-Loop Triple Pass Rotary Dryer

Closed-loop drying systems are an attractive alternative to conventional drying systems because they provide a wide range of potential advantages. Consequently, type of drying process is attracting increased interest. Rotary drying of wood particles can be assumed as an incorporated process involving fluid–solid interactions and simultaneous heat and mass transfer within and between the particles. Understanding these mechanisms during rotary drying processes may result in determination of the optimum drying parameters and improved dryer design. In this study, due to the complexity and nonlinearity of the momentum, heat, and mass transfer equations, a computerized mathematical model of a closed-loop triple-pass concurrent rotary dryer was developed to simulate the drying behavior of poplar wood particles within the dryer drums. Wood particle moisture content and temperature, drying air temperature, and drying air humidity ratio along the drums lengths can be simulated using this model. The model presented in this work has been shown to successfully predict the steady-state behavior of a concurrent rotary dryer and can be used to analyze the effects of various drying process parameters on the performance of the closed-loop triple-pass rotary dryer to determine the optimum drying parameters. The model was also used to simulate the performance of industrial closed-loop rotary dryers under various operating conditions.     

Environmentally benign supercritical CO2 extraction of galanthamine from floricultural crop waste of Narcissus pseudonarcissus

The influence of diverse factors on the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with supercritical CO₂ (scCO₂) of galanthamine from bulbs of Narcissus pseudonarcissus cv. Carlton was investigated. The parameters that were studied were CO₂ density (temperature and pressure), flow rate and plant material particle size and pre-treatment. The highest yield (303 μg/g) was achieved by extracting 53–1000 μm particle-size powdered dried bulb material moistened with NH₄OH (25%, v/v) at 70 °C, 220 bar (690 kg/m³) for 3 h. Other N. pseudonarcissus alkaloids such as O-methyllycorenine and haemanthamine were also obtained. N. pseudonarcissus alkaloids as free bases are highly soluble in CO₂ at a high pH as opposed to the slightly soluble salt form in which they are generally found in plants. Therefore, plant material pre-treatment with a base is an essential step for galanthamine extraction. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) results also revealed that the desorption of N. pseudonarcissus alkaloids from the plant material rather than the solubility of the alkaloids in the scCO₂ plays a major role in this scCO₂ extraction. This extraction method has a good potential for industrial application.     

Design of high productivity sequential multi-column chromatography for antibody capture

An integrated experimental and modeling approach for the design of sequential multi-column chromatography (SMCC) is presented to maximize productivity in bioprocessing. The approach consists of three steps: (1) single-column model development and validation, (2) multi-column model development and validation, and (3) productivity optimization. The integrated use of process experimentation and modeling enables sufficient process understanding to be gained during process development such that the optimal SMCC design is found even with limited time and materials. The application of the approach is demonstrated by determining the optimal SMCC design that maximizes the capture of human IgG by a silica-based protein A adsorbent named AbSolute. For this example, the optimum productivity was found to increase from 2.9 kg L⁻¹ day⁻¹ for batch operation to 4.0 kg L⁻¹ day⁻¹ for SMCC operation with three columns. A second case study considering a hypothetical adsorbent of larger particle size and slower mass transfer is also presented, to further demonstrate the applicability of the integrated approach. The case studies clearly illustrate the capabilities of the integrated approach in quickly determining the optimal design and operation for an SMCC arrangement and with minimal, carefully targeted, experimentation.     

Microstructure and properties of diamond/SiC composites prepared by tape-casting and chemical vapor infiltration process

This article reported a novel method for preparing diamond/SiC composites by tape-casting and chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) process, and the advantages of this method were discussed. The diamond particle was proved to be thermally stable under CVI conditions and the CVI diamond/SiC composites only contained diamond and CVI-SiC phases. The SEM and TEM results showed a strong interfacial bonding existed between diamond and CVI-SiC matrix. Due to the strong bonding, the surface HRA hardness could reach up to 98.4 (HV 50 ± 5 GPa) and the thermal conductivity (TC) of composites was five times higher than that of pure CVI-SiC matrix. Additionally, the effects of diamond particle size on microstructure and properties of composites were also investigated. With the increasing of particle size, the density and TC of composites with the size 27 μm reached 2.940 g/cm³ and 82 W/(m K), respectively.